Forum Home > How Each County Was Affected "The Great Hunger" > County Cavan - An Cabhán / Co. an Chabháin | ||
---|---|---|
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
. | |
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
This note is for Co Cavan During the time of 1845/50 The Great Unger Please feel free to add any information you may have about Co Cavan 1845/50 Please also share this note .{Thanks}
The Great Famine in Cavan By Ciaran Parker & Anna Sexton
The Great Irish Famine was, to quote a cliché, a disaster waiting to happen. Between 1750 and 1850 Ireland’s population grew beyond a level at which it could sustain itself. Much of this demographic growth was based on the availability of one food item and when this was withdrawn not just once, but on successive occasions, it resulted in widespread destitution. This was worsened by the structural and ideological failure of those in authority to provide for their sustenance and to prevent the resultant spread of disease.
The population of Ireland on the eve of the Famine stood in excess of 8 millions. The population of Co. Cavan alone was just short of 250,000 – nearly five times its present population. The reasons for this demographic ballooning, which had occurred in the space of little over a century, can be traced to the availability of the potato which provided food security for peasant farmers with little land of indifferent quality. Not surprisingly the potato was adopted with alacrity throughout Ireland, unlike the hostile reception it initially received elsewhere in Europe.
Hardship before the Famine In Cavan and throughout the northern half of Ireland the advent of flax cultivation and domestic linen production had augmented a further security. Areas supplying linen markets like Cootehill became semi-industrialised, as cottages and cabins were modified to deal with the various processes involved in the process of turning flax fibres into cloth. This was sometimes accompanied by the neglect of farm-based food production. When, after 1825 the cottage linen industry collapsed in the face of mechanised production in factories near Belfast, many areas of Ireland, including Co. Cavan, experienced widespread destitution. Ireland lacked industries which could have absorbed surplus agricultural populations, as was the case in the north of England. However there was a growth in urban populations as towns, including Cavan and Cootehill (amongst others) attracted settlers from their rural hinterlands in search of greater though non-existent prosperity of the towns who were confined to unhealthy yet extensive shanty-towns on their peripheries.
The mid 1840s were years of increased tension in Cavan. Acts of physical violence became common. In May 1845 James Gallagher, the under-agent on the Enerys’ estates at Ballyconnell was badly assaulted and died later the same day with forgiveness on his lips for his assailants. Three months later the unpopular George Bell Booth of Crossdoney was assassinated. December 1847 saw the death of the well-known controversialist Father Thomas Maguire. His passing was widely attributed to poisoning, though as the late Fr Dan Gallogly pointed out, this might have been administered by members of his own erstwhile flock who were dissatisfied with his denunciations of physical force methods.
Failure of response to the potato crop destruction The response of the authorities of the time to the successive destruction of the potato crop was wholly inadequate. The actions they took were not motivated by racist theories, but by their near religious devotion to ideological fads of the time like Utilitarianism and “Political Economy”. It was not the responsibility of a government to provide for its poor. If there was any responsibility it was on the part of the pauper to behave thriftily and thus keep the wolf of destitution from his miserable cabin door. Such theories underlay the paltry responses that were enacted during the Famine, such as the provision of outdoor relief in return for food, as well as the construction of hideous workhouses. These cynical measures were a central part of the ‘Poor Law’ system established in England in the 1830s in an attempt to reform a slightly more generous form of public welfare that had existed for nearly three centuries whose provision had become too punitive and burdensome for wealthy tax payers.
The system of land tenure, based on landlordism, has often been blamed for the Famine. It did not cause it, but the response of Cavan’s proprietarial class, whether absentee or resident, was shamelessly ambivalent. Their tenantry belonged to a different, subservient orbit whose duties comprised the provision of rent so that their overlords could pursue lives of leisure, ease and indolence . The Barons Farnham, who had attempted (unsuccessfully) to stamp out subdivision of already miniscule holdings by their tenants, did little to alleviate their hardships. Indeed they were enthusiastic evictors of tenants who were unable to pay their rent, although they showed no religious favouritism in this.
But there were exceptions, albeit amongst the smaller landlords. Folklore from the Blacklion area records the activities of a Mr. Nixon who travelled the roads and lanes in search of the starving whom he would bring home to feed. There was also the example of Mr. Tatlow, a minor landlord from Crosserlough. A series of letters to the newly-founded Anglo-Celt recorded how a cart carrying a fever-infected girl to Cavan town’s fever hospital was disabled when its axle broke. Passing vehicles refused to give the girl and her guardian a lift, no doubt fearing infection. Then along came Mr Tatlow’s well-appointed trap, whose owner was only too happy to provide transport. The girl’s ultimate fate is unknown, but it can be assumed.
In Co. Cavan there were some truly inhuman acts of heartlessness. One of these was the eviction of tenants in Mountnugent, researched and described by Patricia Darcy. In September 1847 the tenants of a number of adjoining townlands were evicted from their cottages which were then demolished. No quarter was given to the aged or the infirm who were all equally cast upon the caprices of nature. Other tenants were warned not to give them shelter or assistance. This incident was particularly horrifying because it was spurred by the greed of a number of Irish land-speculators. The tenants who were the object of this inhumanity had not even been remiss in the payment of their rent.
A patchwork effect The famine did not cast a pall of universal misery affecting the whole of the people of Ireland. Some areas were badly hit, while neighbouring parishes escaped fairly lightly. Amongst the first areas to be affected by the Famine in Co. Cavan was Blacklion and its vicinity, through which starvation and disease cut their deathly swathe; yet the neighbouring parish of Glangevlin was only lightly touched. The folklore recorded in the 1930s tells of refugees coming there from as far away as Co. Galway in search of food, and being satisfied with raw cabbage.
Winners and losers The Famine in Cavan, in common with the rest of Ireland, had its winners and losers. Alas the former numerically surpassed the former. Those who were already poor and badly-fed were most vulnerable to the food disruption and attendant diseases, and those who came into contact with them, like doctors, were also prone to fall victim to the lethal cocktail of viruses that escaped from the Famine’s Pandora’s box. Others whose positions in society allowed them to eschew contact with the teeming masses, who could afford better food, enjoy more favourable hygiene and heating were insulated from its effects. It is true that while Ireland was in the grip of famine there was no shortage of food in the country. Profits were also made by merchants who exported agricultural items. | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Co. Cavan after the Famine One of the most poignant observations on the Famine was made by a respondent from Blacklion to the Irish Folklore Commission nearly nine decades later. They said pithily that after the Famine there were fewer people around. The population of the county fell by nearly 29 per cent between 1841 and 1851. Part of this was due to starvation- and disease-induced mortality. A significant part was also due to emigration to England and America, a haemorrhage which was to continue late in to the next century.
The Famine also had its impact on the landscape, leaving as its architectural legacy a handful of gaunt poor houses that could never shake off their initial associations with want and destitution. There were also the cottages abandoned by their occupants. These often were preserved in their increasing dereliction by the notion that they were haunted by the spirits of those who had once dwelt there. Quite a number of minor roads throughout the county were also constructed by emaciated human beings in return for paltry wages and food rations.
The Great Famine has been used, or rather misused, along with other historical events, by those who see themselves as the unquestioned guardians of “historical truth” to buttress opinions and policies on which it has no bearing, and to enforce erroneous interpretations. Its “discussion” has often been attended by the spinning of myth and fantasy on the one hand; or dry and unsympathetic number-crunching by economic historians on the other, who forgets that the events of 1845-47 were an immense human tragedy. While not the first outbreak of hunger and disease to hit Ireland it was undoubtedly the most dramatic.
It should not be seen in geographical isolation. Famines later in the century in China and Brazil were equally devastating in their own contexts, while the series of droughts suffered by southern Indian farmers from 1876 to 1900 not only carried off substantial portions of the population, but were met with the same hypocritical response that famine victims had received in Ireland three decades earlier. The Famine was a disaster waiting to happen, but did that mean it was inevitable? Might it have been avoided altogether? Hindsight is always blessed by 20/20 acuity. In the middle of the nineteenth century the cause of the destruction of the potato crop was unknown. In the century and a half since the Famine the world has gained greater knowledge about climate, nutrition and the dynamics of destitution – yet famines, accompanied by epidemics still occur and their baleful effects are as often inspired as mitigated by Man. | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 With regards several family members in the same home or internet cafe all wanting to sign this petition at the same time Yes this can be done . Any amount of people in a household/Cafe can sign it . There is no problems with all you're family & friends using the same internet account . Each signature requires its own email address We do need signatures, not just shares
http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850 | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Emigration from Cavan
Deaths in RC Parish of Enniskeen, Co. Cavan from 1846 to 1850 From September 1846 to April 1847 From April 1, 1847June 1847 January 1848
2nd Bridget Conley Tullabirck
Michl. Donagh Bracklin
Bessy Monaghan Hospital
11th Patt. Hoye Luther
12th Alice Burns Drumskerry
Catherine McKane Corlea
Peter Clarke Lis(?)
13 Hugh Ward Muff
14 Miles Farrely Colps
Ann Murray Cornema
17 Phill. Smith ?"
19th Catherine McCannon Cop-----
20 Bessy Kiernan Corna------
20 Widow Reilly Corryholm
20 Mary Farrelly Colp
20 Barth White Cortob-----
21 Mary Biggy Kings
22 Bridget Farrelly Guill-----!
22 Michl. Finnegan Cornasa-----
25 Elisabeth Carolan Cortobon
27 Judith Briens Kingscourt
30 Patt. Neil Mullen-----
February 1848
1 Mary Gainer Kingscourt
4 Frank Lynch Lisnaasna$
- Peter and Mary Smith Drums------
8 Patt. Boylan Tory Bush
10 Bryan McGuirk Kingscourt
16 James McDermott Corna----
19 Terce McEntee Corema
19 Ann Linneghan(?) Corema
20 Margt. Phillips Kingscourt
- Widow Monaghan Hospital
23 Catherine Hand Mor-------"
- Patt. Cafidy(Cassidy?) Bracklin#
- Michl. McLoughlin Carrick------
27 Cormac McEntee Corna------
28 Owen O'Neill Cop------
- Rose Maguire Cornsk------
- Tom Finley Drums--------
March 1848
1 Patt. Wade Bracklin
9 Honora Chriten Kingscourt
12 Mrs. Hicks Plantation
13 Luke Farrelly Gull------
13 Ellen Jones Eden----!
14 Bridget Halton Corry-------
23 Matthew Reilly Corto------
25 Ellen Leavey Hospital
26 Ellen Depper Kingscourt
April 1848
2nd Bryan McBride Carvady
3 Ellen Farley Lahart
5 ------ Gearty Corn------
8 Bryan Smith Kingscourt
13 Elisabeth Sheridan Lara
- Bridget Carrolan ?
May (probably includes June 1848)
Patt McCause Drumskerry
Biddy Smith Carrick------
Peter Ward Corryholmer
Bridget Keelan Kingscourt
July 1848
July 10 Bridget Mugoman Plantation"
July 10 James Campaign Drum-----
23 John Reilly Cornago"
--- James Clarke Mullin Cro----"
27 ______ Roach Kingscourt
28 Patt. Duffey Rola%
28 Margaret Davison Plantation
August 1848
Aug. 2 Sara Clarke Bracklin
7 John Lynch Mulim----)
8 Catherine Earley (Easley?) Corlea#
9 Catherine Roach Kingscourt"
10 James Martin Kingscourt
-- Luke Bale Cornavra"
14 John Fitzsimmons Coppoma
15 Mary Ward Carrickleck
21 Philip Laney(?) Moyer%
21 Catherine Conley Kingscourt%
" ____________Reilley Hospital
24 Ann McCann Corgl(?)$
26 Phill. Tumulty Coringa(?)
26 Margaret Reilly Cor(?)
September 1848
Sep. 20 Catherine Lynch Corvalis
21 Phil Farrelly Drum(?)"
21 Owen Carolan Plantation
- Ann Reilly Cortobbin
24 Terrence Smith Rath !
29 Catherine Lynch Corvalis
October 1848
Oct. 7 Patt Smith Gorteen
-- Catherine Curtis Drumskerry
11 Betty Lynch Gullion
12 Mrs. Peter Muldoon Colps
14 Nancy Berry Lisrea
17 Owen Reilly Corvalis
24 Mary Martin Turners Hill
26 Peter Lyiff(?) Hospital
27 James Reilly Corto(?)
-- Ally Gargan Corter(?)
November 1848
Nov. 2 Widow Carolan Lisa(?)
2 Bernard Brady Kingscourt
7 Mary Hughes Hospital
11 John Connell Kingscourt
Phill Breen Belt(?)
11 Tom Hand Morna
24 Mary Holmes Hospital
26 Bridget Gargan Cap(?) | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBp9WnBuEAI The Famine Experience in Cavan. A report made to the Anglo Celt on 28th May 1848. | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
http://www.cavanmuseum.ie/Default.aspx?StructureID_str=11 In this exhibit In the Famine Gallery, you will find authentic shoes from a famine grave, a famine pot from Bailieborough Workhouse as well as contemporary images of the famine and its disastrous consequences. There is also a reconstruction of a decrepit famine cottage and of the dreaded workhouse. | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
The Great Famine The Great Famine or the Great Hunger is the name given to the famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. The Famine was partly due to "the (potato) Blight" that almost instantly destroyed the primary food source for many Irish. The blight explains crop failure; but the famine had other factors, including economic, political, social and religious http://www.cavanmuseum.ie/Default.aspx?StructureID_str=11 | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEEnw3sBQMs
Bawnboy Workhouse, Co. Cavan, Ireland - A film of this sad place In June 2011 we visited Bawnboy Workhouse or Union Buildings.... | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Great Irish Famine 1846 Cavan & Longford Landlord To Tenant Notice Ireland Print http://www.ebay.com/.../Great-Irish-Famine.../200911954705 | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Cavan Poor Law Union was formally declared on 27th November 1839, and covered an area of 279 square miles. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 30 in number, representing its 23 electoral divisions as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
Co. Cavan: Arvagh, Ballyconnell (2), Ballyhaise (2), Ballymachugh, Bellintemple, Belturbet (2), Butlersbridge, Cavan (3), Crossdoney, Crosskeys, Denn, Derrylane, Drumlane (2), Kilconny (2), Kildallan, Kill, Killashandra, Killycrone, Killykeen, Kilualeck, Newsun, Redhills, Stradone.
The Board also included 10 ex officio Guardians, making a total of 40. The Guardians met each week on Tusday.
The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 83,604 with Divisions ranging in size from Kildallan (population 2,211) to Cavan itself (7,030).
The new workhouse, built in 1841-2, was designed by George Wilkinson. It occupied a nine-acre site a mile to the north of CavCavan town. It could accommodate 1,200 inmates, making it Ulster's largest workhouse. The cost of the building was £10,500 plus £2,000 for fixtures and fittings etc. It was declared fit for the admission of paupers on 26th March 1842, and admitted its first inmates just under three months later on the 17th June | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
In many respects Cavan was typical of the more considerable towns in South Ulster' Like its neighbours, Clones, Monaghan, Belturbet, and Enniskillen, it did not have a significant market in linen cloth and so it depended for its prosperity on the farming of its immediate district. Like other county towns of Monaghan and Enniskillen it did profit from the increasing activities of the grand juries in local government as they created some employment and attracted professional people, who in their turn raised standards, notably in housing. Elsewhere the size of a town did not necessarily relate to the importance of its markets. Belturbet was a corporate town with a distillery, a brewery and malt-houses, and an excellent market house but an ‘indifferently supplied' market because local people preferred to deal in the reviving market of Ballyhayes, while Bailieborough ‘is a very mean village but has an excellent market ... some butter for market which is brought -up for Newry exports, as also are their pigs, which make a considerable article of trade ... Though it had been a principal stage on the northern road, it is ‘now without an inn.' Virginia he condemned as ‘A very mean market town' while Batllyjamesduff was ‘only to be observed as a stage on the road to Cavan town' http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlcav/cavan2.htm | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Irish Holocaust - Not Famine. The Push to educate in facts. December 1848 (Start of new page, assumed to be December)
Elen Goore Newcastle
Margt Maguire
alias McCormack Poles
James Connelly Gorteen
Richd Chiston Muff
Rose Clinch Brachlin
Mary Martin I. Kingscourt
Mary Lamb Drumskerry
29 Patt Kingley Brachlin
January (assumed) 1849
1 Lawrence Finnelly Enniskeen
Catherine Halton Hospital
Mary Lamb Lisagoen
6 Hugh Reilly Kingscourt
6 Michael Farrelly Coppona
8 John Carolan Kingscourt
13 Rose Maginnis Lisrea
20 Chs. Smith Hospital
24 Widow Clarke Mullinscrop"
25 Lawrence Coris(?) Carrickleck
-- Frank McKale(?) Tahart
29 Arthur McMahon Cornasase
February 1849
Feb. 1 Betty Campbell Colps
3 Jane McGuire Kingsct
4 Bridget Farrelly Closa(?)
4 Peter Carolan Carrickleck%
-- Widow Fitzsimmons Corto(?) Cavan
9 Peter Gargan Billingsly
9 Widow Carney Carnasas
14 Widow Ward Kingscourt
17 Ann Carrolan Lislea
18 Ann Murrow Cornesma
19 Andrew McCannon Bina
19 Tom Fitzpatrick Kingscourt
Bridget Lynch Guillion
20 Tom Hoye New Castle
-- John Moran Irvey#
23 Bessy Reilly & child Enniskeen
March 1849
Mar. 1 Mary McEntee Hospital
-- Ann Hand & child Tulla(?)
5 Rose McCann Drumskerry
Mar 10 Phill Clarke Bracklin
12 Nest(?) Carrolan Kingscourt
15 Widow Connoly Kingscourt
16 James Garry Corlea
18 Ann Clarke Co. K(?)
19 Hugh McDaniel Hospital
20 Garrett Reilly D(?)
22 Patt Trainer Kingscourt
22 Mary Pepperd Plantation
-- Mary Greenan Plantation
23 William Weldon Drum-----#
26 Widow Crosby Kngt Pepperd ----
30 Patt Rooney Kingscourt
31 James Moore Cornay
-- Thos McKenna Cortob-----
April 1849
Apr. -- Christy Carrolan Carrickleck
-- Mary Carrolan Heath(?)$
-- Mrs. McCombs-Conwerth Kingscourt
2nd Mary Fitzsimmons Mur-----
4 John Ward Rath----
6 John Rogers Kingscourt
-- Ann Curtis Tulla(?)
-- James Reilly Lisagoen
13 Lawrence Piegeon Mulina---
-- Bridget O'Connell Rola!
15 Christopher Gogerty Milltown
15 Alice Brady Turners Hill
19 John Carrolan Muff
24 John Murphy Kingscourt
25 John Neal(?) Coppa---
26 Patt Lynch Bracklin
26 Miles Carolan Hospital
27 James Hand Plumm(?)
30 Rose Maguire Kingscourt
May 1849
May 1st Bridget Begg Kingscourt
6 Elen Farrelly Carrickleck
12 Terence Farmer Carrick----
12 Patt Cassidy Kingscourt
13 Widow Boylan Rasa(?)
-- Widow Conlan Kingscourt
15 Widow McEntee Coppen----
20 Phill Martin Carrick----
23 Widow McCormick Kingscourt
29 Bryan Clarkan Lisagoen
June 1849
June 3 Patt Callan Bracklin
8 Margaret Reilly Rola
12 Patt Finley Hospital
-- Margt. Tierney Corna---
13 Anne Sheenan Carrick----
15 Bryan Monahan Rath(?)
21 Patt Dooley Cornary
-- Patt Jones Bracklin
July 1849
July 1 Bryan Carpenter Bracklin
-- Mary McGuirk Kingscourt
3 Phil Maleady Corperna
4 Edwd. Carrolan Cornavan
-- Ann Smith Carrickleck
5 Mrs. Darrigan Drumsmillar
Math. Boyle Drumsalla
6 Michl McEntee Muff
9 Michl. Conly Hospital
9 Jas. Brady Lisagoen#
10 Mrs. E. Carolan Cortoban Meath
-- John Reilly Carrickleck
13 Mrs. Moantain Langhanlea
July 14 Rose Clark Luther
20 Lawrence Clarke Brachlin'
26 Bridget McCabe Turners Hill Kingct
29 Wilton(?) Burns Drumsmillar
-- Terence Farley Colps
August 1849
Aug 2 John Martin Carrickleck
James Owens Milltown
12 Patt Monaghan Irvey
13 Mary Lynch Plantation
15 Richd. Murray Lara Muff
Patt Doogan Cortoban Meath
30 Bridget Carrolan Poles
-- Bridget Moohan Corlea
September 1849
Sep 1 Catherine Martin Kingsct Hospital
20 Stephen Carrolan Bara
21 Bryan Ward Luther(
-- Mary Coleman Wid. Kingsct Hospital
23 Bridget Ward Luther
25 Andy Fitzsimmons Ralohan
30 James White Lisagoen
October 1849
Oct. 2 Nancy Biggy Kingscourt
9 John Weldon Cornakill$
9 Terence Brady Kingsct. Hospital!
12 Robt. McEntegerth Kingscourt
November 1849
Nov. 7th Catty Crodden Drumpeak(?)
2nd William Vernon Kingscourt
18 Peter Reynolds Irvey
Nov 20 John Keenan Lwr. Colps
December 1849
Dec 6 Honora Hand Colps
9 Peggy Farley Closemab(?)
13 John Farley Carrickleck
14 Bridget Conley Tullabrick
15 Betty Reilly Morna
-- Patt Farley Tahart
18 _______ Merriman Drummillar$
23 Mrs. Jas. Birmingham Kingscourt"
26 Bridget Doogan Cortaban Meath
28 Widow Donnelly Copena
29 Owen Connelly Rola
January 1850
Jan 2 Tom Curry Cooper Kingscourt
-- Md? Coote Kingscourt!
-- Catherine McMahon Plantation
-- ----- Burnette New Castle
-- Patt McKenna Poles$
-- Robert McEntegert(?) Kingscourt!
Jan 10 Betty Hughes Kingscourt
13 Mary Reilly Edenford
22 Betty Carolan Poles
-- Mrs. Ward Mittry
27 Ma(inkblot) Moore Bellowghy
28 Mary Carolan Hospital
February 1850
Feb 2 John McCabe Lisagoen
-- Tom Barnett Bracklin
-- Thos. Reilly Bracklin
14 Mary Kagley(?) Hospital
-- Bessy McMahon Copema
16 John Hand Hospital
Feb -- John Derry(?) Rolahan
-- Rose Rorke Irvey
26 Mary Sullivan Carrickleck
-- Terence King Hospital
March 1850
Mar 3 Patt Connor Cab(?)
-- Margaret Guil(?) Kingscourt
9 Mary Finegan Corlea
10 Ellen Smith (widow) C.Clek
-- (?) Reynolds Hospital
Patt. Carlin (?) M(?)
16 Widow Caffrey Bellary
17 E(?) Baird Cortorbe(?)
19 Peter Cassidy Hospital
22 Patt. Brady Kingscourt
23 Elen Smith(?) Ma(?)
24 Patt. McBride Kingscourt
24 Tom Cassidy Drum-----!
-- Catherine Carrolan Kill-----
-- Patt. Hoye Rath-----"
25 Biddy Fitzpatrick Kingscourt]
NOTE: From April 1850 through October 1850, the months are a "best guess" situation.
April 1850
Apr 1 Owen Marrow & Brother Colps
4 Biddy Reilly Mari-----
-- Edward Lagrine Cabra----
7 Mary Carrolan Cornama
9 Patt. Conly Hospital
-- Denis Sheridan Copema
11 Ellen Smith Lisrea
-- Owen McCormick Cort---
16 Tom Farrelly Tahert
May 1850
May 1 Catherine McEntee Taghart
May John Pidgeon Multenmalrop
2 Catherine Reilly Plantation
5 Patt. Reilly Morehill"
Catherine Mingrahm(?) Kingscourt
Patt. Rush Morehill
Moses Magaman Corryholmar
James Duffy Gullins
Michael Clarke Coppema
John Tinley Corglops
6 Anne Connelly Kingscourt
12 Peter Muldoon Colps
-- Sally Gaynor Plantation
-- John(?) Sweeney Hospital
14 Rose McCabe Moyre
17 John Lynch Copenma
18 Mary Clarke Coppona
-- Thos. Lynch Plantation
22 Mary King Lisrea
June 1850
Jun 7th Cristy Cooper Cornavan
11 Thady Clarke Poles
12 Owen McEntgert Cornakill
14 ------ McMahon Forthag
14 Connor Muldoon Cordor
19 Mary Cassidy Bracklin?
20 Hugh Ward Hospital 26 James Reilly Cornakill/Carvady
July 1850
17 Ann Mathews Carrickaleck
18 Pat Cassidy Carrickaleck
28 Anne Martin Cornama
August 1850
Aug 7 Tom Lynch Plantation
-- Widow Hand Luther
18 Peter Daniel Colps
23 Bridget Caullan Hospital
September 1850
20 Thady Carolan Lara
25 Bryan Lynch Corviles
October 1850
4 Peter McGivney Billaoghly
5 Cathn. Nolan Rathlogan
17 Widow Conley Raigh(?)
23 Thomas Duffy Corglaph
November 1850
4 Tom Lynch Kilna(?)
Barney Reilly Carvilas
Finian Daniel Colps
29 Ellen McGivney Lisagoren
29 James Trim(?) Moyre | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Emigration from Cavan
Deaths in RC Parish of Enniskeen, Co. Cavan from 1846 to 1850 From September 1846 to April 1847 From April 1, 1847June 1847
? Tinly Drumsalla
(offering by Widow Brady?)
? Carrolan Enniskeen"
Nicholas Sheakey Cortu(?) Meath
Peter Monaghan Iv(?)
Patt. Connelly Colps
James(?) Duncan(?) Con(?)
James Bellew Hilltown
? Farrelly Drum(?)
? Boyle Corlass
? Dunn ?
Tim(?) Finnegan Cornema
? Gologhy Coryholman
Patt. Duffy Bracklin
Pill. Rorke Kings
Patt. Reilly
Peter Clarke Coppema$
John(?) Dattain(?) Cornavan Meath
? Marion Cornavan Meath
Robt. Daly Guillam
Phill. Reilly Luther
Phill. Colerick Copperna
Mary Hughes Cornema
Bridget Tully Corryholm Lake
Richard Kelly Dunigan
John Ward Corryholman Lake
August 1847
Lawrence Healy ----------
18 John Warren Cornema
- Mary Ward Lisagoen
22 John Hicks Honfor(?)
22 James Murray Cornakill!
22 Owen Fitzpatrick Carricklick
22 Mich. Sheekey Hospital
- Mary McMahon Irvey(?)
23 Catherine Cluskey Hospital
25 Betty McEntee Copperna
25 Rose Tully Coryholman
28 Ann Cahill Cornavan
29 Nancy Kelly Kingscourt
" James Reilly (child) Lahart
" Neal McGuirk Kingscourt
September 1847
1 Tom White Lisagoen
" Mary Cassidy Kingscourt
3 Bridget Lynch Corvalis!
4 Mary Reilly or Neal Mallin(?)
9 Bryan Brady Coppema
9 Ann McReina(?) Cortober
9 Patt. Brady Lisagoen
- John Crawley Leithum
13 Bridget White Hospital
19 Nelly Finegan Cornema
- Margt Brady Cortaben
- Patt. Realon Hospital
- Michl. Burris Dunheda
- James McEntee Corlop
- Andrew Brady Hospital
October 1847
6 Ann Smith Roth
Oct. - Ann Morrow Cornema
10 Catherine Weldon Drumsulla
12 Bridget Kealaw Plantation
16 John Murray Plantation
16 Phill. Green Carricklick
17 Owen Lynch Balla(?)
17 Edw. Daly Tory Bush#
18 Catherine Farrelly Upper Colps
20 Patrick Carrolan Kingscourt
25 John Carrolan Muff
- Biddy Hand Luther
- Cath. Hughes Hospital
28 Philip Clarke Hospital
29 Henry Cooke Mullintree
November 1847
3rd Judith Gargan Leitham
6th Francis Maleady Coperma
7th Murray Plantation
13th Mary Sheridan Hospital
15th Mary Doherty Hospital
" Peter Donegan Hospital
13th Mary Ward Corryholman
17th John Smith Kingscourt
17th Patrick Fitzsimmons Lara
18th Philip Tumulty Billoughby
19th John Pogue Copema
December 1847
8 Tom White Cortobin Meath
9 Widow McGovern Hospital!
16 Barney Murray Turner's Hill#
- John Trean and Wife Drumskerry
17 Michl. Lynch Colps
17 Elen Smith Kingscourt
Rose Byrnes Hospital
Mary Ward Hospital
Catherine Markey Hospital
Mary McEnery Irvey
Widow Martin Corlops
Phill. Carolan Hospital
Luke T. Kelly C. (?)
Dick White Cortobin | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Emigration from Cavan
Deaths in RC Parish of Enniskeen, Co. Cavan from 1846 to 1850 May 1847
Bridget Conley Plantation
M. Gargan Drumbar
Bridget Biggy Poles
Michael Clarke Bracklin
James Finnegan Tory Bush
Michael Cooney Bracklin
? Reilly Con(?)
Widow Monaghan Enniskeen
Lawrence Farrelly Morna
? Clarke Mullaboy
Hugh Trainor Lisagoen
Bridget Moore Lisagoen
? Brady Lisagoen
? Hamilton Corlop?
Widow Reilly Lisgoen
Tom Conley Corlea#
May 1847 ? Connelly Corrigan(?)
? Lamb Gorteen
? Reilly Drumbar
Patrick Bindy (?) Drumkill
Michael Brady Tory
James Smythe Kingscourt!
Phillip Carrolan Cort(?) Meath | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Emigration from Cavan
Deaths in RC Parish of Enniskeen, Co. Cavan from 1846 to 1850 From September 1846 to April 1847 From April 1, 1847
April 2 Christopher Campbell Clps"
2 Owen Finnegan Corlea (old lad)
3 Mary Murray Cornakill!
3 Tomas (sic) Campain Drumflesk
3 Elizabeth Reilly Conins (?)
4 Mrs. Colman Kingscourt!
4 Matthew Farrelly Closenbraden
5 Philip Cooney Kingscourt
5 Bernard Allen Rathfarnum
6 Mary Conway Drumskerry
7 Mary Lis(?) Cortobar Meath#
6 Thos. Donnelly of the Mountains
6 Michael McCormack Colops
14 Luke McGurke Rollohan
14 Jane Downey Rollohan
15 Mary Farrelly Drumbar
16 Bridget McIntee Drumbar
14 Pat Crosbie Enniskeen
18 Loughlin Martin Kingscourt
17 Hugh Fay Mullabay
18 Hugh Grannam Corl(?)
18 William Grimes Plantations
20 Thomas Biggy Poles
21 Mrs. Gone Kullmatagh
23 Catherine Grimes Plantation
24 Terrance McGos Tahart
25 Catherine Carrolan Rolahan
April 25 Mary Fay Milltown
28 Phill. Gargan Drumsbar
27 Michael McIntee Lisagoen
28 Bridget Lamb Cornema
29 Mary Smith Newcastle
Mary Nelson Cara
Phil Gargan Conarea
Peter Hughes Churchill
Widow Kelly Plantations
Widow Degnam Kingscourt
Thos. Burns Lisagoen
Mary Lynch Cara
Philip Ward Lisgoen
Catherine Tirm(?) --------
Biddy Carrolan Rullanhan
Margaret Carolan Lisagoen#
Richard Connelly (?) Plantations
29 Widow Farrelly Rullohan
| |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Emigration from Cavan
Deaths in RC Parish of Enniskeen, Co. Cavan from 1846 to 1850 From September 1846 to April 1847
1. Peggy Lennon Lower Colps
2. Widow ? Tahart
3. Wm. McKeon Corlea
4. Mary McGrane Corlea
5. ------- Lynch ?
6. Widow McCarroll Gorteen
7. Patt McGee Kingscourt
8. Thos. Duff Muff
9. Jack Gagerty Kingscourt
10. Wm. Gagerty Kingscourt
11. James Giner Leither(?)
12. Widow McIntee Muff
13. Widow McCann Corg(?)
14. Mary Hand Drumillar
15. Widow Ward Leither
16. Lawrence Farling Rolar
17. Henry Smith C.Klick
18. Patt Darley Rolar
19. Mary Brown Enniskeen
20. John Finnegan Corlea!
21. Catherine Shepherd Raloh(?)
22. Ann Reilly Cornary
23. Bridget Konghy Bracklin
24. Patt Smith Farthego
25. ----------- Folahan
26. Peter Finegan Corlea
27. Betty Crawford Bracklin
28. Nancy Farmer Drumbar
29. Bridget Carrolan Baragh
30. Hugh McCabe Coppena
31. Nancy Regan Cornema
32. Thos. Carrolan Lisagoen
33 Patt Finegan Bracklin
34. John McGuire Kingscourt
35. Rody McEntee Rara
36. (?) Jennelly Drumsalla!
37. Judith Carrolan Carrickleck#
38. ---------Carrolan Carrickleck
39. (?) Cooney Cornama
40. Father McNaulty Cornama
41. (?) Clarke Carrickleck
42. (?) Reilly Drumillar
43. (?) Reilly Drumillar
44. (?) Farrally (girl) Tahart
45. (?) Whately Gorteen
46. Mary (?) Murtha Clonnabar
47. (?) Morrow (?) Cornema
48. Bridget Morrow(?) Cornema
49. Rose Fitzpatrick Cornema
50. John Farrell Kingscourt
51. Rose Caffery Ballyoghly(
52. Ann Donohue, Beggar Old Road, Muff
53. Psatt Carrolan Lisagoen
54. Frank Reilly Drumbar#
55. Edw. Flemming Mullvilorops(?)!
56. Patt Reilly Muff, Old Road
57. Patt Fitzpatrick Copperna
58. Beggar Woman Plantations
59. Patt McMahon Crocktarrell-
60. Mary Martin Kingscourt, Turner's Hill !
61. Mary Mullin or Briens Corlea
62. Jas. Hughes Cornamar
63. Patt Martin Cornamar$
64. Nelly Marrow Cornamar, beggar$
65. Mary Donagh Farthago, Langham
66. Thos. Jackson Lisrea*
67. B (?) McMillan (?) Beggar, Tory Bush$
68. James Brennan - father) Cornema$
69. Thos. Brennan - son ) Cornema&
70. Widow Brennan, mother ) Cornema
71. Widow Kelly Dungan
72. Michael McDermott Lisagoen
73. Ellen McCabe
74. Cahrles Carrolan Lara
75. Thos. McNulty Enniskeen#
76. Mary McNulty - wife Enniskeen
77. Patt McMahon Mullintin
78. Terry Farling Cornema
79. Owen Boylan Rora
80. Widow Callaghan Cort(?)
81. Michael Finegan (?) | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Cavan Charles Coote in his statistical survey of County Cavan in 1802 refers to the crop rotation cycle in the Barony of Loughtee …
that ‘flax always followed potatoes and is succeeded by oat’.
Agriculture continued to be the backbone of the economy, still with great reliance resting on the potato crop. It was a prolific crop, capable of feeding a family for up to ten months in the year. In 1823 and again in 1826 there was a partial failure of this crop, the latter due to drought like conditions. So the people were constantly on the edge of starvation. Because of sub-division the average holding was only nine to ten acres and often less. Families tended to be large and people married young. As a result, the population of Co Cavan in 1821 was 195,000. By 1841 it had increased to 243,000. The economy had become reasonably good despite the decline in demand for flax and for home-produced linen cloth. The emerging economy based on factory production had reduced the need for these products and the women who at the time could have earned up to 5d a day for spinning and working the loom were not now as busy as before. According to Margaret Crawford in her essay “Poverty and Famine in Co Cavan” (in “Cavan, Essays in the History of an Irish County” ed by Raymond Gillespie p. 139) the population of our county had reduced by over 69,000 people in the 1851 census. This serious decline was caused by the Great Famine 1845-‘48. In the late summer of 1845 a disease called “the blight” destroyed part of the potato crop. | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||
Site Owner Posts: 1033 |
Co. Cavan was hard hit by the Great Famine in the mid-nineteenth century. In the fall of 1848, the local landlord in Mountnugent parish evicted 700 people in one day. The famous ballad "By Lough Sheelin Side" is based on this event witnessed by the local Catholic priest. Evictions and Disease (the Potato Famine) In the autumn of 1847 the potato crop was a total failure. The government was no longer providing relief so responsibility for feeding the starving masses was left to the limited resources of Irish landowners. Many Cavan County landlords responded to the best of their ability and bankrupted themselves in doing so. Others tried a more pragmatic approach. Landlords were assessed a local poor law tax based on the number of tenants on their property. To relieve themselves of the burden of paying this tax, they payed their tenants to emigrate, or simply evicted them and hoped they would move out of the local area. [further research in estate papers for Hamilton's response to famine, include Poor law report information on Scrabby parish] The following account of a brutal eviction in the fall of 1848 on an estate in Tonagh, County Cavan was given by a young priest: In the very First year of our ministry, as a missionary priest in this diocese we were an eye-witness of a cruel and inhuman eviction, which even still makes our heart bleed as often as we allow ourselves to think of it. Seven hundred human beings were driven from their homes in one day and set adrift on the world, to gratify the caprice of one who, before God and man, notably deserved less consideration than the last and least of them. And we remember well that there was not a single shilling of rent due on the estate at the time, except by one man; and the character and acts of that man made it perfectly clear that the agent and himself quite understood each other. The Crowbar Brigade, employed on the occasion to extinguish the hearths and demolish the homes of honest, industrious men, worked away with a will at their awful calling until evening. At length an incident occurred that varied the monotony of the grim, ghastly ruin which they were spreading all around. They stopped suddenly, and recoiled panic-stricken with terror from two dwellings which they were directed to destroy with the rest. They had just learned that a frightful typhus fever held those houses in its grasp, and had already brought pestilence and death to their inmates. They therefore supplicated the agent to spare these houses a little longer; but the agent was inexorable and insisted that the houses should come down. The ingenuity with which he extricated himself from the difficulties of the situation was characteristic alike of the heartlessness of the man and of the cruel necessities of the work in which he was engaged. He ordered a large winnowing-sheet to be secured over the beds in which the fever victims lay - fortunately they happened to be perfectly delirious at the time - and then directed the houses to be unroofed cautiously and slowly, because, he said, `he very much disliked the bother and discomfort of a coroner's inquest.' I administered the last Sacrament of the Church to four of these fever victims next day; and save the above-mentioned winnowing-sheet, there was not then a roof nearer to me than the canopy of heaven. The horrid scenes I then witnessed I must remember all my lifelong. The wailing of women - the screams, the terror, the consternation of children - the speechless agony of honest, industrious men - wrung tears of grief from all who saw them. I saw the officers and men of a large policed force, who were obliged to attend on the occasion, cry like children at beholding the cruel sufferings of the very people whom they would be obliged to butcher had they offered the least resistance. The heavy rains that usually attend the autumnal equinoxes descended in cold, copious torrents throughout the night, and at once revealed to those houseless sufferers the awful realities of their condition. I visited them next morning, and rode from place to place administering to them all the comfort and consolation I could. The appearance of men, women, and children, as they emerged from the ruins of their former homes - saturated with rain, blackened and besmeared with soot, shivering in every member from cold and misery - presented positively the most appalling spectacle I have ever looked at. "The Ejectment" from the London Illustrated Times Dec. 16, 1848 The landed proprietors in a circle all around - and for many miles in every direction - warned their tenantry, with threats of their direst vengeance, against the humanity of extending to any of them the hospitality of a single night's shelter. Many of those poor people were unable to emigrate with their families, while, at home, the hand of every man was thus raised against them. They were driven from the land on which Providence had placed them; and, in the state of society surrounding them, every other walk of life was rigidly closed against them. What was the result?. After battling in vain with privation and pestilence, they at last graduated from the workhouse to the tomb; and in little more than three years, nearly a fourth of them lay quietly in their graves." | |
--
WHEN GENOCIDE BECAME "FAMINE" : IRELAND, 1845 - 1850 This petition seeks your support for a campaign to: * Persuade relevant authors, editors and website content providers to stop using the word ‘Famine’ for what took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1850, and start using terms such as, "The Great Hunger" or 'An tOcras Mór PETITION LINK- TO CHANGE THE WORD FAMINE http://www.petitions24.com/when_famine_became_genocide_ireland_1845_-_1850
| ||